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1	FGD By-Product Application in Soils George Offen, Tech Executive Emissions/Combustion Product Use (650) 855-8942 or goffen@epri.com for Ken Ladwig, Sr. Project Manager Groundwater Protection and CCP Mgmt. (262) 754-2744 o r keladwig@epri.com Byproducts Beneficial Use Summit San Francisco, CA November 30, 2006
2	FGD Products Projected To Grow Rapidly
3	FGD Gypsum Use in the United States
4	Agricultural Benefits of Gypsum Flocculate Soils Improve infiltration Improve rooting Reclaim Sodic Soils Ca replaces Na Reduce Subsoil Acidity Tie up aluminum Provide Nutrients Ca, S Micronutrients Enable No-Till Practices Reduce erosion & runoff Reduce use of fertilizers & herbicides
5	Flocculation and Dispersion
6	Clay Flocculation Improves Infiltration
7	Sodic Soils Inhibit Plant Growth
8	Gypsum Improves Sodic Soils by Replacing Exchangeable Sodium with Calcium
9	Gypsum Reduces Subsurface Acidity (Al⁺³)
10	Straighter, Deeper Roots Due to Decreased Subsurface Acidity
11	Gypsum Provides Sulfur Nutrient to Sulfur-Deficient Soils Causes of Sulfur Deficiencies in Soils Reduced atmospheric S deposition Greater use of S by high-yielding crop varieties Decreased use of S in fertilizers & pesticides Declining S reserves in soil due to loss of organic matter (erosion and tillage), leaching, and crop removal
12	Applying Sulfur (via Gypsum) Increases Yield
13	Peanuts Example of Crop Needing Calcium Nutrient
14	Higher Calcium (e.g., from Gypsum) Increases Tomato Shelf Life
15	Gypsum Needed in Some Soils for No-Till Farming Advantages Reduces erosion and increases retention of carbon in soil è greater sustainability Reduces loss of fertilizer and herbicide Cost savings in lower application rates Less impact on receiving water body Improves yield Produces lower GHG emissions Opportunities Need use gypsum in clay soils for No-Till Soil dispersion & surface crusting Limited infiltration Limited root penetration
16	Next Step – Create National Network of Knowledge Centers & Test Sites Objective Demonstrate large-volume market for FGD products in agricultural applications Approach – Create National Network to Demonstrate agricultural benefits across different regions, soil types, and crops Demonstrate environmental acceptability of gypsum use in agriculture Act as a resource for technical questions Aid in marketing to the agricultural community
17	Approach Ohio State University coordinates all activities Development of uniform protocols for all sites Identification, pursuit of sites Laboratory analysis Data evaluation Report preparation Steering committee provides oversight OSU, EPRI, EPA, USDA, DOE Website for disseminating information Specialty reports Workshops
18	Planned Schedule Workshop: Sept 2006 Enlist Sites: 1Q07 Perform Field Tests: 2007 – 2008 Minimum two years/site Annual progress reports & workshops Final Report: 2009
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